Why Racism in Health Care Is Still a Problem Today

Eugenics, segregated hospitals and the  Tuskegee Syphilis Study  exemplify how pervasive racism in health care once was. But even today, racial bias continues to be a factor in medicine.   While racial minorities are no longer unknowingly used as guinea pigs for medical research or denied entry into hospitals because of their skin color, studies have found that they don’t receive the same standard of care as their white counterparts. Lack of diversity training in health care and poor cross-cultural communication between doctors and patients are some of the reasons why medical racism persists. Unconscious Racial Biases Racism continues to affect health  care because many physicians remain unaware of their unconscious racial biases, according to a study published in the American Journal of Public Health in March 2012. The study found that a staggering two-thirds of doctors exhibited racial bias towards patients. The researchers determined this by asking doctors to complete the Implicit Association Test, a computerized assessment that calculates how fast test subjects associate people from different races with positive or negative terms. Those who link people of a certain race with positive terms more quickly are said to favor that race. The doctors who participated in the study were also asked to associate racial groups with terms that signal medical compliance. Researchers found that the doctors exhibited a moderate anti-black bias and thought of their white patients as more likely to be â€Å"compliant.† Forty-eight percent of the health professionals were white, 22 percent were black and 30 percent were Asian. The non-black health care professionals exhibited more pro-white bias, while black health care professionals did not exhibit bias in favor or against any group. The outcome of the study was especially surprising, given that the doctors who participated served in inner city Baltimore and were interested in serving underprivileged communities, according to lead author, Dr. Lisa Cooper of the John Hopkins University School of Medicine. Beforehand, the physicians failed to recognize that they preferred white patients to black ones. â€Å"It’s hard to change subconscious attitudes, but we can change how we behave once we are made aware of them,† Cooper says. â€Å"Researchers, educators and health professionals need to work together on ways to reduce the negative influences of these attitudes on behaviors in health care.† Poor Communication Racial biases in health care also influence the way doctors communicate with their patients of color. Cooper says that doctors with racial biases tend to lecture black patients, speak more slowly to them and make their office visits longer. Doctors who behaved in such ways typically made patients feel less informed about their health care. Researchers determined this because the study also included an analysis of recordings of visits between 40 health care professionals and 269 patients from January 2002 to August 2006. Patients filled out a survey about their medical visits after meeting with doctors. Poor communication between doctors and patients can result in patients canceling follow up visits because they feel less trust in their physicians. Doctors who dominate conversations with patients also run the risk of making patients feel as if they don’t care about their emotional and mental needs. Fewer Treatment Options Bias in medicine may also lead physicians to inadequately manage the pain of minority patients. A number of studies have shown that doctors are reluctant to give black patients strong doses of pain medication. A University of Washington study released in 2012 found that pediatricians who exhibited a pro-white bias were more inclined to give black patients who’d undergone surgical procedures ibuprofen instead of the more potent drug oxycodone. Additional studies found that physicians were less likely to monitor the pain of black children with sickle cell anemia or to give black men visiting emergency rooms with chest pain complaints diagnostic tests such as cardiac monitoring and chest X-rays. A 2010 University of Michigan Health study even found that black patients referred to pain clinics received roughly half the amount of drugs that white patients received. Collectively, these studies indicate that racial bias in medicine continues to affect the quality of care minority patients obtain. Lack of Diversity Training Medical racism won’t disappear unless doctors receive the training necessary to treat a wide range of patients. In his book, Black Blue: The Origins and Consequences of Medical Racism, Dr. John M. Hoberman, chair of Germanic studies at the University of Texas at Austin, says that racial bias persists in medicine because medical schools don’t teach students about the history of medical racism or give them appropriate diversity training. Hoberman told the Murietta Daily Journal that medical schools must develop race relations programs if medical racism is to cease. Such training is vital because doctors, as studies reveal, aren’t immune to racism. But it’s unlikely that physicians will confront their biases if medical schools and institutions don’t require them to do so.

The Term Sustainability in The Brundtland Report in 1987...

Impending climate change, overpopulation, poverty, depletion of resources, biodiversity loses, pollution, food security, economic crises and countless other issues are all traceable back to mankind’s unsustainable practices. Sustainability has often been deemed the only feasible approach to providing mankind with a worthwhile future. The term â€Å"sustainability† has gained considerable support since its publication in the Brundtland Report in 1987. The acceptance of the report by the United Nations (UN) General Assembly gave the term serious political status and resulted in global following (****). Sustainability or sustainable development aims at alleviating poverty whilst improving the well-being of the planet through sustainable†¦show more content†¦The seemingly broad-scale failure can be accounted for by failures within each of the three pillars and more particularly within business and society. Environmental sustainability Unlike the economic and societal sectors it is clear as to what needs to be done in our environmental areas. Environmental sustainability which seeks to protect the planet and its resources, so that it may sustain life for present and future generations (****). Given the increased ecological focus we now understand the need to preserve and restore our environment and safeguard our natural resources (****). Included in all of this environmental sustainability are the moves toward cleaner, renewable forms of energy, reductions in emissions, efficient resource usage and considerations from business and society surrounding their negative environmental impact. Environmental Restoration Conservation Societal sustainability Countries like the United States Social Education and related Societal paradigms Citizenship -ïÆ'   politics consumer Economic sustainability Taxes, fines, incentives Green economy Multidiscipline Sustainability Science unanimously agrees that in order to attain true sustainability we need to address the problem as a whole and not as individual parts (***). The Science’s Role After all of this the question still remains as to science’s roles in sustainable development. Science has various vital roles to play within the sustainability realm, knowledge,Show MoreRelatedThe Concept Of Sustainable Development1638 Words   |  7 Pages‘environmental politics.’ The concept of sustainable development makes us believe that it is possible to realize economic prosperity and protect the environment at the same time (Carter, 2007). Although tradeoff may be made between ‘ecological sustainability’ and fulfilment of basic human needs (Là ©là ©, 1991), this should not be an encouraged practice because human beings will always give preference to their needs over environmental protection no matter how trivial they may be. The ultimate remedy forRead MoreImportance of Sustainability in Organizations636 Words   |  3 PagesNever before has sustainability been more important on the corporate agenda. According to Brundtland Commission of the  United Nations (1987) sustainability is defined as operating in a way that preserves the long-term quality and productive capacity of both the natural and social environments in which a company operates. For humans, sustainability is defined as the potential for long-term maintenance of well being, which has environmental, economic, and social dimensions. Sustainability therefore involves: Read MoreA Sustainable Governance Of Our Agricultural Systems755 Words   |  4 Pagesthat the Brundtland report in 1987 (WCED, 1987), did not explain exactly how the sustainable development should be achieved, that is, how society should govern itself in such a way that the sum total of human development becomes more sustainable in the long term. Many stimuli of scientific society originated then from pressure exercised at global and local levels. The World Summit on Sustainable Development (United Nations, 2002), the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005), or the GEO 4 report (UNEPRead MoreSustainability, Well Being, Welfare Essay1996 Words   |  8 PagesKeywords: sustainability; well-being; welfare 1. Introduction The term sustainability has ended up prevalent in arrangement situated exploration as a declaration of what open strategies should accomplish. The essential motivation originated from the Brundtland Report of 1987 (1). From that point forward the idea has moved in importance. This paper contends that the movement is terrible in that it darkens the genuine inconsistency which exists between long term maintainabilityRead MoreClimate Change And Depletion Of Natural Resources1318 Words   |  6 PagesThe growing concern of climate change and depletion of natural resources has meant an increase in popularity of the term ‘sustainable development’. With this growing popularity there has also been a rise in conflicting opinions on what sustainable development means and whether it is attainable, as even after the release of the Brundtland report which offered a definition of sustainable development there were still criticisms for it suggesting that ‘economic growth, indust rial modernization and marketRead MoreHow is sustainable development linked to ecological footprint?1552 Words   |  7 Pages How is sustainable development linked to ecological footprint? According to the Brundtland Report, sustainable development is defined as â€Å"development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.† In this definition, two challenges are worth nothing: meeting the needs of world’s poor, as well as the environmental limitations brought about by technological advancements and social organizations. According to Ruzevicius (2010)Read MoreCorporate Social Responsibility And Corporate Sustainability Essay1658 Words   |  7 PagesCorporate Social Responsibility Vs Corporate Sustainability in India: A case study on Aditya Birla Group Supriya Agarwal Abstract: Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is now a burning topic in India, which became prominent and most amplified in 2013 when companies were obligated to spend two percent of profit after tax in CSR activities set by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs, Government of India. Although, the concept of CSR is not new in India and has evolved and developed very well from hundredsRead MoreRole Of Energy Development Sustainable Development Goals Essay1591 Words   |  7 Pagesmeeting their own needs ‘(Brundtland, 1987). This concept has developed more from the intergenerational framework as indicated in the brundtland report to incorporate the three pillars (social, environment and economic) as a whole through series of environmental meeting held. Today, the focus is on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) which was established in 2015.It is an improvement of the millennium development goals (MDGS) in that, its focus is in all countries in terms of not what the developedRead MoreThe Concept Of Sustainable Development Essay1654 Words   |  7 PagesThe concept of sustainable development is generally understood in two similar but differing perspectives. The first of these is the social-scientific definition explicated most frequently in relation to the 1987 report of the Brundtland commission.1 This report defines sustainable development as our â€Å"...ability to make development sustainable—to ensure that it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs†2. The second perspectiveRead MoreCritically Assess The Concept Of Sustainable Development Essay1661 Words   |  7 PagesDevelopment The concept of sustainable development is generally understood in two similar but differing perspectives. The first of these is the social-scientific definition explicated most frequently in relation to the 1987 report of the Brundtland commission.1 This report defines sustainable development as our â€Å"...ability to make development sustainable—to ensure that it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs†2. The second

Drug Addiction Is A Serious Problem - 1032 Words

Drug addiction is a serious problem in today’s society. Drug addiction is a complex disease and once addicted, it is nearly impossible to quit. There are several ways to help manage drug addiction such as help-lines, support groups, and rehab. The most controversial treatment though, is methadone treatment. Methadone, ironically, is a drug used to treat drug addicts. Methadone has been used for approximately fifty years to treat morphine and heroine addicts. Methadone is a multi-billion-dollar industry and the amount of methadone distributed compared to the amount of personal treatment for addicts is alarming (4). Methadone is an addictive drug in itself, and does not treat the deeper personal issues of the addict, making it a poor policy for drug addicts. There are several reasons why methadone is a poor policy; methadone is such an addictive drug that it is often harder to go through withdraw from than the drugs that it treats, addicts overdose on methadone treatment, methad one treatment is a business and doesn’t focus on helping the addicts personally. These examples show the addictive traits, and consequences of methadone treatment, along with the business side of methadone where patients psychological and personal problems that lie deeper than their addiction are neglected. Treating an addictive drug, such as heroin, with another addictive drug, such as methadone is unproductive. It is similar to treating someone’s sex addiction with chronic pornography. The problemShow MoreRelatedDrug Abuse1279 Words   |  6 PagesThe use of and abuse of illegal and prescription drugs are a health, social, and law enforcement problem that is affecting Americans across the country. Drug abuse is destroying the lives of many teens and adults and is also destroying families in the United States. The use of drugs is a major problem in the United States among all Americans, but drug addiction is the main cause for America s troubled teens today. Exactly what is a drug? A drug is any chemical that produces a therapeutic or non-therapeuticRead MoreGambling Essay1227 Words   |  5 Pagesvarious addictions in the world today such as, drug, alcohol, sex, eating, or gambling addictions. One might ask the question, is one addiction more serious than another or are all addictions equally destructive? In particular, is an addiction such as gambling as serious as an addiction to drugs or alcohol? Research suggests a gambling addiction is less severe than a drug or alcohol addiction because drug or alcohol addictions are psychological and physical, can cause other addictions, can resultRead MorePrescription Drug Abuse1298 Words   |  5 PagesPrescription drugs are being taken for reasons other than the ones they are being prescribed for, fueling an addiction that impacts as many as 48 million Americans (Prescription Drug Abuse WebMD). According to MedLinePlus, an estimated 20 percent of people in the United States have used pres cription drugs for nonmedical reasons. This is prescription drug abuse. While a considerable amount of time, resources, and attention are focused on the problems associated with illicit drugs, prescription drug abuseRead MoreThe Effects Of Drug Addiction1074 Words   |  5 PagesDrug abuse is a rampant problem in the United States. Drug usage and consumption has grown over the years. Drug addiction is a dilemma that has greatly increased among our current day society. Addiction is a serious problem. This can be defined as continued involvement with a substance or activity despite ongoing negative consequence. Narcotics like marijuana, heroin, crystal meth and crack cocaine are generally called drugs. Men and woman either take these drugs orally or inhale them. Drugs, otherRead MoreIs Addiction a Disease865 Words   |  4 PagesIs addiction a disease? This question has long been debated and not just among the medical community. It seems if you ask this question to any random people you can find varying opinions on the issue. Stanley Peeles wrote an article which argues that addiction is not a disease and the growing influence of addiction as a disease will create problems within our society. Stanley presents several arguments for his points, however these are not strong enough arguments for people to consider his pointRead MoreHow Addictions Destroy Family Unit990 Words   |  4 PagesHOW ADDICTIONS DESTROY THE FAMILY UNIT In our modern life, there are certain things that can destroy the family unit queitly such as addictions. An addiction is anything that one must have in order to avoid a negative feeling or syptoms. Addictions can include almost anything, not just foods, drinks or other physical substances. Some addiction are mend to make one calm, but it easily becomes an emotional crutch that unfortunately usually worsen physical aspects of addiction. However, the pointRead MoreDrug Abuse1714 Words   |  7 PagesAddictions/Drugs Butch Brown Com/156 Mary Martin 04/21/2013 Addictions/Drugs Freedom, family, and financial security are a value to the people in the United States. Some behaviors are frowned upon, such as crime, laziness, and the use of illegal drugs. Drug abuse and addiction is not all about how much is consumed but has to do with consequences. Illegal drugs and abusersRead MoreAddiction Treatment Essay1235 Words   |  5 PagesAddiction Treatment You crave it, you want it and you just can not stop thinking about it or, you just can’t stop doing it, they call it addiction. â€Å"Addiction is a chronic, but treatable, brain disorder. People who are addicted cannot control their need for alcohol or other drugs, even in the face of negative health, social or legal consequences. This lack of control is the result of alcohol- or drug-induced changes in the brain. Those changes, in turn, cause behavior changes† (What is Addiction)Read MoreSubstance Abuse And Smoking, And How It Affects Family Relationships1463 Words   |  6 PagesThe topic that will be discussed in the following paper will focus on the issues of addiction; in specific, substance abuse and smoking, and how it affects family relationships. Living with someone who struggles with substance abuse is a very difficult battle amongst many families worldwide. When we were brought into this world, we were not born with a set of values and expectations, b ut rather, that is something that we learnt over our years of development. Primarily, we spend most of our time withRead MoreThe Effects Of Drug Abuse On The Body And Mind1271 Words   |  6 Pagesto their young to stay away of drugs because they are â€Å"bad† what they do not say is that drugs can become a serious addiction and cause serious complications. Drug abuse is a serious concern in today’s society; at this day and age just about anyone is doing or has been near drugs in their lifetime. People should be more educated on the subject of how drugs can seriously affect the body and mind. Addiction is often defined by continuing the compulsive nature of the drug use, they are ignoring the physical

The Bay of Pigs Essay - 1441 Words

The Bay of Pigs â€Å"First, I want to say that there will not be, under any conditions, an intervention in Cuba by the United States Armed Forces. This government will do everything it possibly can, I think it can meet its responsibilities, to make sure that there are no Americans involved in any actions inside Cuba†¦ The basic issue in Cuba is not one between the United States and Cuba. It is between the Cubans themselves.† These words were spoken by President John F. Kennedy at a press conference on April 12, 1961, just five days before the Bay of Pigs invasion took place. Little did the American public know that in five short days, the United States would support an attempted invasion on the Cuban shore—unsuccessfully. The $46†¦show more content†¦in such a manner as to avoid any appearance of U.S. intervention.† The plan went on to describe four points: 1) the creation of a responsible and unified Cuban opposition to the Castro regime located outside of Cuba; 2) the development of a means for mass communication to the Cuban people as part of a powerful propaganda offensive; 3) the creation and development of a covert intelligence and action organization within Cuba which would respond to the orders and directions of the exile opposition; and 4) the development of a paramilitary force outside of Cuba for future guerrilla action. A few months later, in July of 1960, the Prime Minister of the Soviet Union, Nikita Khrushchev, spoke of arming Cuba with rockets that would protect it from the U.S. In response, President Eisenhower announced that the United States would not â€Å"tolerate the establishment of a regime dominated by international communism in the western hemisphere.† Richard Bissell, an aide to CIA director Allen Dulles, described a meeting that took place in the White House on January 3, 1961, stating, â€Å"President [Eisenhower] seemed to be eager to take forceful action against Castro, and breaking off diplomatic relations appeared to be his best card. He noted that he was prepared to ‘move against Castro’ before Kennedy’s inauguration on the twentieth if a ‘really good excuse’ was provided by Castro. ‘Failing that,’ he said, ‘perhaps we could think of manufacturing something that would be generallyShow MoreRelatedThe Bay Of Pigs1217 Words   |  5 PagesThe Bay of Pigs was an attempted invasion that occurred on the south coast of Cuba. While researching this occurrence, it seems that it was a failed attempt to invade communist Cuba. This invasion was to overthrow the communist leader, Fidel Castro, had power in office until the year 2008. The main reason for the failure, many believe, is because of the Central Intelligence Agency, under the power of the young President John F. Kennedy (Bay of Pigs 378). The purpose of this research paper is to reviewRead MoreBay of Pigs1627 Words   |  7 Pages In this paper, I will do a case study on the Bay of Pigs and why the United States tried to conduct this attack. I will find out what intelligence led to this invasion attempt as well as what intelligence failures were made which resulted in the failure of the invasion. I will discuss what impact the Bay of Pigs had on the United States Intelligence community and what changes was made. I will end this paper with any findings I have concluded to if the failure has any affect on how the U.S. conductsRead MoreBattle Of The Bay Of Pigs1970 Words   |  8 PagesBattle of the Bay of Pigs The purpose of this paper is to provide battle analysis and highlight the events before, during, and after the Bay of Pigs battle, as well as elaborate on the significance it held on American-Soviet relationships. The battle was not successful due to several intelligence failures and biases during the planning phase. If proper intelligence preparation of the battlefield were utilized, the outcome would have been in favor of the United States (US), with the alternate outcomeRead MoreBay of Pigs: Historiography845 Words   |  4 PagesThe Bay of Pigs On April, 17, 1961 the Bay of Pigs, the biggest foreign affairs disaster in U.S. history, occurred. At first the operation was supported but as the years went by the feelings of it changed, showing mostly in the policy changes of the some of the presidents over the next 49 years. June 24 1961 reporter Stewart Alsop published an article in the Saturday Evening Post titled â€Å"The Lessons of the Cuban Disaster.† In this article Alsop describes what happened at the Bay of Pigs andRead MoreThe Bay of Pigs Invasion1313 Words   |  5 PagesThe Bay of Pigs Invasion Background The Bay of Pigs invasion of April, 1961 is considered to be one of the unsuccessful covert military invasions of the 20th century. In 1959, the Cuban revolutionist Fidel Castro overthrew the Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista through an armed conflict that lasted nearly five and a half years. Castro and his comrades were Socialists and they believed a Communist social system would better suit their nee. In order to fulfill this agenda, the new Cuban governmentRead MoreThe Bay Of Pigs Invasion1147 Words   |  5 PagesLouis Tullo Mrs. Forsyth U.S. History II 30 March 2016 Bay of Pigs Invasion Bays in pigs invasion is a cold war planned and fought by American president John F. Kennedy in an attempt to overthrow in early 1960’s. This came after Fidel Castro overthrew the then Cuban president Fulgencio Batista. The president was corrupt and had allies in the United States allowing the Americans to control the Cuban economy (Khan 21). The incoming Castro did the opposite by disapproving the Americans and resistedRead MoreBay of Pigs and Realism1563 Words   |  7 PagesA Perfect Disaster: The Bay of Pigs Invasion and Realism D-Day, April 17, 1960; Brigade 2506 lands in the Bay of Pigs, a small beach in southern Cuba. Backed by former president Dwight Eisenhower, endorsed by current president John F. Kennedy, and masterminded by the Central Intelligence Agency, the plan to overthrow Fidel Castro, Prime Minister of Cuba, had been months in the making (Dunne 1). By the summer of 1959, as former Cuban leader Fulgencio Batista was overtaken by Castro, charges of communistRead MoreThe Bay Of Pigs Invasion2240 Words   |  9 Pagesthey cannot change the law of nature and they know it.† stated Allen Dulles, the fifth director of the Central Intelligence Agency. The Bay of Pigs Invasion was an encounter that occurred on April 17, 1961, between Cuban exiles, armed and trained by the American Central Intelligence Agency and the military forces of Fidel Castro. With the failure of the Bay of Pigs invasion the United States found itself more involved in the Cold War and experienced a new era in the military, political, and intelligenceRead MoreThe Bay Of Pigs Invasion1652 Words   |  7 PagesThe purpose of the Bay of Pigs Invasion was to overthrow Fidel Castro as leader of Cuba and help stabilize the Cuban government. Fidel Castro started the MR-26-7, an anti-Batista group. At the time, Batista was the so called president and he claimed to be running a disciplined democracy.The people saw this as a dictatorship takeover. Castro ran the group as a clandestine cell system with ten members in each cell and they did not know the whereabouts or activities of the other cells. He was buildingRead MoreThe Bay Of Pigs Invasion1392 Words   |  6 PagesChapter 1 - The Bay of Pigs Invasion - 1961 Figure 1The above image is a primary source image of Fidel Castro (right) an infamous Cuban dictator, and Che Guevara who played a number of key roles within the Cuban government. This photo was taken in 1961, during which the Bay of Pigs Invasion took place. The photo was taken by Alberto Korda, a Cuban photographer. This photo allows us to peer into the past and see Castro presumably leading Cuban troops. There is a large possibility of bias when considering

Systemic Overview Of Paradigm In Management -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About Thee Systemic Overview Of Paradigm In Management? Answer: Introduction The organisational control means the process through an organisation gives shares their decision to its members and subunits to meet the organisational objectives and goals. If the management can properly design the control, it can lead to the best performance. In addition, organisational control involves in four basic steps, establish the standards, measure the performance, compare the standards and take right actions. Employees of the organisation behave in accordance to the set goals. Managers monitor and evaluate how the employees are converting inputs into the outputs and they also check whether the quality of the service or products is improving. As suggested by Knights and Willmott (2012), management within the workplace must be innovative in outlook and it encourages the risk-taking ability of the managers. Knights and Willmott (2012) segregated the organisational control into four major categories, a) direct supervision b) bureaucratic procedures c) cultural control and d) o utput and self-regulation. These are the different methods that managers can look to regulate the actions of the employees so that the staffs can be consistent with their standards and goals. These different ways have their respective control power and motivational technique. In this essay, Bureaucratic Control and Cultural Control have been discussed with their benefits and challenges within the organisation. The German sociologist, famous Max Weber described first about bureaucratic control within the organisation and his concept of bureaucratic control emerged from the efficient and rational response to issues of large-scale social and economic activities. Khorasani and Almasifard (2017), supported Weber by commenting that bureaucracy is goal-oriented control within the organisation featured by hierarchical communication and management system. Bureaucracy provides the extensive division of staffs into some specialised works. Max Weber observed bureaucracy as the impersonal rules of the organisation and standardised procedures. Employees need to able to perform well before determined standards. Max Weber provides complex and broken down structure for the division of employees and he also propagates the effort of coordinated and directed rules. According to (Kennedy et al. 2017), bureaucratic control can be defined as a formal system of procedures and written rules of the management. Bure aucratic control methods rely primarily on the units and individuals within the organisation that can establish bureaucratic standards. Within an organisation, the bureaucratic control provides help in budgetary control as this is the rule of allocating the financial resources. Managers sometimes encourage the growth of subunits within the organisation as this group may improve in capital spending. As stated by Erasmus (2014), bureaucracy helps to divide the work and each staff work on their specialisation. Managers in this control system keep the records and acts as the draft. Personal relations are maintained in a formal way in the workplace in all departments. Bureaucracy provides the benefits when the employees are selected based on the technical competence and training is provided based on administrative procedure. Bureaucracy control from the management provides the advantage of having a specialised workforce as the members of the workforce are assigned to specialised tasks of their genre (Kennedy et al. 2017). In addition, bureaucracy control creates structure within the organisation specifying the responsibilities and duties of the employees as this type of organisation follows the commanding hierarchy within the workplace. Decision-making of the managers in the routine situation is very important in bureaucracy as objectivity is ensured by setting the decision-making criteria. The major features of bureaucracy are the rules, specialisation, structure and regulation; therefore these are all ensured training and stability within the organisation. The structural framework creates the sense of predictability. Moreover, the managers provi de stress in the technical competence and qualification that make the organisation democratic as prescribed policies, practice and rules are patronised by the managers. On the other side, bureaucracy within the organisation can set the rigid rules for the staffs and labour class. The employees can feel the sense of rigidity as the rules are not flexible always. The managers try to follow the rigid compliance of regulation and it can discourage the creativity of the staffs. As opined by Coombs et al. (1992), rigidity can provide cover to the avoidance of responsibility for the failure. Bureaucracy control sometimes referred to as the goal displacement as employees in lower level cannot help themselves to meet the organisational objectives; organisational objectives get neglected focusing mainly on personal development objectives in lower level. Bureaucratic control stresses mainly on the mechanical way of working as the creative thinking and impersonality get neglected as organisations do not give priority to the employees' emotion and needs. Bureaucratic control from the managers segregates the department as the employees just do their own work whic h ones they are capable of. This process of working makes the compartmentalisation of working activities. Managers do excessive paperwork for taking a decision regarding bureaucracy control and they are needed to maintain a draft always. Self-interests are predominant in the bureaucracy system of control as superiors always try to increase the subordinates as this is the symbol of prestige and power. Organisational culture is associated with assumptions and values that are shared with employees within a workplace. Cultural control associates with regulating the behaviour by communicating and socialising the employees so that the employees can internalise the assumptions and values. Employees can act in a manner as it is consistent with them. In this way, employees within the organisation tend to be self-control and they try to regulate their behaviour so that their behaviour must align with organisational objectives (Lowry and Moody 2015). When the organisations have strong culture, the employees accept the organisational assumptions, morality and values. In order to control staffs and the management needs economics control system' this control is far from the bureaucratic and personal controls. Self-control of the employees within the organisation reduces the monitoring costs of the organisation (Mass et al. 2014). For instance, Bill Gates has always been tried to set strong org anisational culture to set the self- control for the employees and to regulate the behaviour of the employees. It has been observed that Bill Gates always provides special emphasis on technical brilliance, willingness to work for long hours and competitiveness in the workplace. Therefore, today Microsoft is a brilliant organisation, not by the bureaucratic control, but by the self-control and strong organisational culture control. Employees within the workplace need to socialise with the fellow employees so that the visions can be shared with the co-workers (Andreassen et al. 2015). The organisations should trust the employees and employees need to work hard as they are in the very competitive market and today it is the pervasive side of the culture. According to Lowry and Moody (2015), cultural control is the inner control that brings together desired control and it empowers the practices that can enable the creativity. The cultural control system is associated with the innovation as corporate culture has both closed and open features and these increase the creativity to generate innovation. Charles Handy propagated the organisational culture aspects and his concept has four dimensions of organisational culture. Power culture is associated with high pace, the dominance of individuals and direct involvement of the owners. Role culture within the organisation is associated with the bureaucratic role specific, lack of innovations and organic growth. Task culture is associated with the high pace, team-oriented and highly ambitious (Leclercq-Vandelannoitte et al. 2014). Lastly, Personal culture is associated with the cultural control as employees within the organisation is individual centred and organised around the owner. Culture is the way of maintaining the behaviour of the employees and it brings stability to the workplace. Cultural control can reduce the monitoring cost; however, it is not beneficial always. Cultural control can create dysfunction within the workplace when it creates a hard-driving and competitive atmosphere within the workplace. In this respect, many staffs can leave the organisation, therefore the companies are trying to become more accommodating and they are changing their culture. According to Khorasani and Almasifard (2017), motivation and performance management among the staffs can increase the interests to work within an organisation and effective leadership can enhance the corporate culture. I have been working as an intern within an organisation and I have to work in a team. In my workplace, like most of the organisations, the management is using the mix methods in order to achieve the control. There is strong management control within my workplace and hierarchy is followed to deploy the working relationship. Bureaucratic control is applied through using the set of standards for capital spending and budget making. I have been working there as an employee and senior executives have control over the employees responsibilities and duties. The leaders of the organisation mainly focus on cultural control to improve the shared values, rewards and punishment and performance enhancement of the employees. In addition, I have found that cultural control of my organisation is associated with the mission statement as the employees should keep in mind. Cultural control is like the unwritten norms and working ethics set by the organisation. It is included the anti-discrimination regu lation of the employees. I have been given training when I first joined in my organisation as the management thought that skill improvement is needed for the employees. Career development of the existing employees is very much important, therefore, the organisation needs to follow the correct process for bureaucratic and cultural control. Reflective Commentary In this article named Motivation; That's Maslow isn't it?' by Tony Watson, the author explained the motivation from the perspective of teachers and management students, not by the organizational or managerial sides. This article is unique from its perspective of stating motivation from the reflection of the management students and the experiment was carried from the teachers' perspective as well. Management of an organisation needs to know about the employees' needs and the rules must adhere to the employees' interests of working. Motivation in the workplace is the reasons behind employees' good working (Watson 1996). The author stated about the motivation from the theoretical perspective and he criticised the management courses that provide only theoretical knowledge about motivation. Students only know the theories of motivation such as Maslow Hierarchy of Needs, Herzberg theory of motivation, McGregor's theory of X and Y and Victor Vroom's theory. The authors said about professors discussed only the theoretical knowledge of motivation through course materials, tape recorder and books. The students need to be motivated to discuss the various aspects of motivation like extrinsic motivation, job satisfaction and intrinsic motivation in the workplace. This research is focussed on the ethnographic intent and emphasis is given on the insights of the cultural forms. The essence of the research of the author was set on the localised culture of the management classroom. In this culture based classroom or learning community, priorities are set upon the values and norms. This study focuses on the students' participation in the classroom and motivational aspects of the students' knowledge. Management faculties need to pay special attention to the understanding of the culture and motivation (Ismail 2016). The author talked about surface-level processing where the students need to focus on the recall of the subject matter. Students are now engaged in surface learning and not in deep learning. As stated by Entwistle and Ramsden (2015), surface learning is all about aimless accumulation of knowledge and it does not provide deep knowledge on the subject, Being a student of management, I believe in core subjective knowledge that I can use in fu ture in my workplace. University education should focus on illuminating students to have theoretical knowledge that can be utilised in the practical atmosphere also. In this study of Tony Watson, motivational experiments of the managers and teachers have been provided and it metaphorically highlighted the Maslow Hierarchy of Needs as different students have a different level of needs. In my future workplace, I want to have training, career development, rewards and intrinsic motivation. Students of management have to understand the needs as well like family, health and needs of employees. Safety of the employees within the workplace is also needed and employment security is another factor that must be kept in mind. The requirement of self-esteem motivates the employees that provide self-confidence to achieve the target. Self-actualisation helps to set target. I have understood that the study materials provide too little understanding of the subjective matter what the students are going to use in their future workplace. Reference List Andreassen, H.K., Kjekshus, L.E. and Tjora, A., 2015. Survival of the project: a case study of ICT innovation in health care.Social Science Medicine,132, pp.62-69. Coombs, R., Knights, D. and Willmott, H.C., 1992. Culture, control and competition; towards a conceptual framework for the study of information technology in organizations.Organization Studies,13(1), pp.051-72. Entwistle, N. and Ramsden, P., 2015.Understanding student learning (Routledge Revivals). Abingdon: Routledge. Erasmus, E., 2014. The use of street-level bureaucracy theory in health policy analysis in low-and-middle-income countries: a meta-ethnographic synthesis. Health policy and planning,29(suppl_3), pp.70-78. Ismail, T., 2016. Culture control, capability and performance: evidence from creative industries in Indonesia.Asian Review of Accounting,24(2), pp.171-184. Kennedy, B.A., Butz, A.M., Lajevardi, N. and Nanes, M.J., 2017. Unpacking the Foundations of Representative Bureaucracy Theory and American Policing. InRace and Representative Bureaucracy in American Policing(pp. 11-38). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. Khorasani, S.T. and Almasifard, M., 2017. Evolution of Management Theory within 20 Century: A Systemic Overview of Paradigm Shifts in Management.International Review of Management and Marketing,7(3), pp.134-137. Knights, D. and Willmott, H., 2012. Power and subjectivity at work: From degradation to subjugation in social relations.Sociology,23(4), pp.535-558. Leclercq-Vandelannoitte, A., Isaac, H. and Kalika, M., 2014. Mobile information systems and organisational control: beyond the panopticon metaphor?.European Journal of Information Systems,23(5), pp.543-557. Lowry, P.B. and Moody, G.D., 2015. Proposing the control?reactance compliance model (CRCM) to explain opposing motivations to comply with organisational information security policies.Information Systems Journal,25(5), pp.433-463. Maas, J.B., Fenema, P.C. and Soeters, J., 2014. ERP system usage: the role of control and empowerment.New Technology, Work and Employment,29(1), pp.88-103. Watson, T.J., 1996. Motivation: That's Maslow, isn't it?.Management Learning,27(4), pp.447-464.

World Without Judgement free essay sample

Imagining a world where everyone is treated with dignity and respect is something kind of mind boggling to most people. However in my personal opinion, I think it would be absolutely wonderful. I think that only because the benefits that It would have to offer myself and others would be completely life changing. In my personal opinion, respect comes with a lot of admiration, and value. I only say that because in current day reality respect Is not Just given to you, It has to be earned but in my reality it would Just be given. That would make It a lot easier In a world where there is war, hatred, and straight out genocide!If people could Just give respect and not fight for It or have to earn It, the world where everyone Is treated dignity and respect would make It a complete reality. The word dulling In my mind means pride, worth, and nobility. We will write a custom essay sample on World Without Judgement or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These three words come to mind because having dulling Is something that gives you your pride, your worth, and for nobility It gives you self-confidence. The benefits that would come out of this are happier, friendlier, and peaceful people. The happy people would become a lot more respectful to others. Therefore the people become friendlier and treat others with the dignity they deserve.Then the ace comes last; overall the world and the people in it would become those three things: happy, friendlier and peaceful. I think those are wonderful benefits to come out of everyone being treated with dignity and respect that we all completely deserve. So all in all imagining that kind of world wouldnt be that mind boggling if we all just realize that treating others with dignity and respect isnt such a bad thing. Giving and getting respect is not that complicated. Treating others with dignity is just as simple as wanting it. In the end the benefits that would come out of this would be completely wonderful and life changing.

Relating to Teaching Personnel free essay sample

Providing for the professionalization of teachers, regulating their practice in the Philippines and for other purposes Whereas, the constitution provides that â€Å"all educational institutions shall be under the supervision of; and subject to regulation by, the state†, and requires that â€Å"the state shall establish and maintain a complete, adequate and integrated system of education relevant to the goals of national development†; Whereas, in the pursuit on these objectives, the department of education and culture has adopted ways and means of overseeing all the educational institutions in the country; Whereas, in recognition of the vital role of teachers in nation-building and as an incentive to raise the morale of teachers, it is imperative that they be considered as professionals and teaching be recognized as a profession. Now, therefore, i, Ferdinand e. Marcos, president of the Philippines, by virtue of the powers vested in me by the constitution, do hereby decree and order: Section 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Relating to Teaching Personnel or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Title. – this decree shall be known as the decree professionalizing teaching. Section 2. Declaration of policy. it is hereby declared a policy that teacher education shall be given primary concern and attention by the government and shall be of the highest quality, and strongly oriented to Philippine conditions and to the needs and aspirations of the Filipino people even as it seeks enrichment from adoptable ideas and practices of other people. Section 3. Definition of terms. – as used in this decree, the following shall be construed as follows: (a) teaching refers to the profession primarily concerned with the classroom instruction, at the elementary and secondary levels, in accordance with the curriculum prescribed by national board of education, whether on part-time or full-time basis in the public or private schools. b) teachers refers to all persons engaged in teaching at the elementary and secondary levels, whether on a full-time or part-time basis, (c) board refers to the national board for teachers duly constituted under this decree. Section 4. Creation of the national board for teachers. – there is hereby created a national board for teachers, hereinafter called the board, to be composed of the Section 5. Powers and duties. – the board shall have the following powers and duties: Section 19. Effectivity. – this decree shall take effect january 1, 1977. Done in the city of manila, this 22nd day of se ptember, in the year of our lord, nineteen hundred and seventy-six.